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1. Ovid, Metamorphoses, III, 135.

2. Cf. Erasmus, Apophthegmata, VII; Solon Salaminius, III (citing Herodotus). ([A] until [C]): smile on them, how much treasure, how many Kingdoms and Empires might be seen in their hands, can never…

3. Plutarch, tr. Amyot, Dicts notables des Lacedaemoniens, p. 211C.

4. Dionysius the Tyrant became a pedagogue.

5. Cf. Cicero, Tusc. disput., I, xxxv, 86.

6. Ludovico Sforza, ousted in 1500, spent eight years in the dungeon at Loches; Mary Stuart (widow of Francis II of France) was beheaded in 1587.

7. Lucretius, V, 1233. (The fasces and axes were Roman symbols of State.)

8. Macrobius, Saturnalia, II, vii.

9. [A] until [C]: honours, riches and powers…

10. Erasmus, Apophthegmata, V; Epaminondas, XXIII.

11. Lucretius, III, 57.

12. Seneca, Epist. moral., XXIV and XXVI, parts of which are translated and paraphrased at length in this chapter.

13. The reference to Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio (not Scipio Africanus) is from Seneca, Epist. moral., XXIV, 9. Erasmus, Apophthegmata, V; Epaminondas, XXIII. For Montaigne, Epaminondas was the greatest of virtuous soldiers and a model to be followed.

14. Etienne de La Boëtie.

15. ’88: in a quiet and assured manner… (i.e., seurement corrected to sourdement)