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1. From early Christian times such comparisons were legion.

2. The great Platonic adage spread by Cicero in its Latin form and stating that ‘No man is born for himself alone, but partly for his country and partly for those whom he loves.’ (Erasmus, Adages, IV, VI, VIII, Nemo sibi nascitur.)

3. Ecclesiasticus 7:28; then, Juvenal, Satires, XIII, 26–7.

4. Diogenes Laertius, Life of Bias. (The subsequent references to Bias are also from this work.) His remark became proverbial; cf. Erasmus, Apophthegmata, VII, Bias Prienaeus, II. Then, Simon Goulart, Histoire du Portugal, VIII, ix.

5. Charondas the lawgiver of Sicily and follower of Pythagoras (Seneca, Epist. moral., XC, 6). ’80: chastised with great punishments by…

6. Erasmus, Apophthegmata, VII, Antisthenes Atheniensis, XXII.

7. Horace, Epistles, I, xi, 25–6.

8. Odes, III, i, 40.

9. Virgil, Aeneid, IV, 73.

10. Seneca, Epist. moral., CIV, 7, Erasmus, Apophthegmata, III, Socrates, XLIV.

11. Horace, Odes, II, xvi, 18–20. (The ideas in general are indebted here to Seneca.)

12. Persius, Satires, V, 158–60.

13. Lucretius, V, 43–8.

14. Horace, Epistles, I, xiv, 13.

15. Seneca, Epist. moral., IX, 18.

16. Diogenes Laertius, Life of Antisthenes (with later references also to this work).

17. St Augustine, City of God, I, x.

18. Tibullus, IV, xiii, 12 (adapted).

19. Terence, Adelphi, I, i, 13–14.

20. Quintilian, X, 7.

21. The source of this saying is unknown to me.

22. Horace, Epistles, I, xv, 42–6.

23. Horace, Epistles, I, i, 19.

24. Sallust, Catilenae conjuratio, IV.

25. Cicero, De Senectute, XVI, 59. [A]: more noble and acceptable…

26. Horace, Epistles, I, xii, 12–13.

27. Pliny the Younger, Epistles, I, i. no. 3.

28. Persius, Satires, I, xxiii.

29. Seneca, Epist. moral., LI, 13; the Philistae (or Philetai) were assassins.

30. Propertius, II, xxv, 38.

31. Horace, Epistles, I, iv, 4–5.

32. Persius, Satires, V, 151–2.’80 (instead of this quotation): grasp, and prolong them with all our power: Quamcunque Deus tibi fortunaverit horam, Grata sume manu, nec dulcia differ in annum [Whatever happy hour God has allotted you, accept with a grateful hand and do not put off delights for a year]… (Did Montaigne strike out this because he had confused, in his quotation from Horace, Epistles I, xi, 22, God with Fortuna? All editions of Horace read Fortuna not Deus.)

33. Persius, Satires, I, 19–20.

34. The first is Epicurus. The second is Seneca. The following epistle is largely composed of borrowings from various epistles of Seneca.

35. Cicero, Tusc. disput., II, xxii, 52.

36. Modelled on Seneca, Epist. moral., XXV, 6. The ‘companions’ proposed there are Cato, Scipio and Laelius. Montaigne prefers Phocion, the great Athenian general, and Aristides, a statesman renowned for his integrity.

37. Pliny the Younger and Cicero, condemned above for seeking glory from their withdrawal from the world.