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1. Juvenal, Satires, VI, 272–4.

2. The following taken from Cicero, Tusc. disput., III, xxxi, 77 (where Cicero alludes also to his own (now lost) Consolatio on the death of his daughter).

3. II, 23, ‘On bad means to a good end’.

4. Related by Philippe de Commines, Mémoires, II, iii.

5. Ovid, Metamorphoses, X, 666–7 and context.

6. Cicero, Tusc. disput., IV, xxxv, 74–5.

7. Ibid., I, xxxiv, 83–4. Hegesias the Cyrenaic’s pupils who committed suicide are linked by Cicero to Cleombrotus Ambraciotes, who did so after reading Plato; his example is mentioned in II, iii, ‘A custom of the Isle of Cea’, and linked to St Paul’s yearning to die so as to be with Christ.

8. Tacitus, Annals, XV, lxvii.

9. Ibid., XVI, ix.

10. Virgil, Aeneid, IV, 382–4; 387; then, Diogenes Laertius, Life of Xenophon.

11. Cicero, De finibus, II, xxx, 96; then [C]: Tusc. disput., II, xxvi, 62 (twice); II, xxiv, 59.

12. Zeno was. Stoic; the following criticism of his arguments, from Seneca, Epist. moral., LXXXII, 9, and LXXXIII, 9. Seneca considers them ‘Greek absurdities’.

13. The ideal Christian reaction (Matthew 5:39), but not to be pressed at the wrong psychological moment.

14. Persius, Satires, VI, 73, linked to Lucretius, IV, 1062; then, Lucretius, 1063–4.

15. Cf. Erasmus, Adages, II, V, V, Dies adimit aegritudinem, citing Iphiclus, ‘Time cures all our ills,’ and Euripides on time as ‘doctor’ of men’s problems.

16. Cicero, Tusc. disput., III, xv, 32.

17. Plutarch, Life of Alcibiades.

18. Lucretius, V, 801–2.

19. Plutarch (tr. Amyot), consolation envoyée à sa femme, 256 A; then, his Life of Antony.

20. Lucan, The Civil War, II, 42.

21. Tiberius, in Plutarch’s Life.

22. Diogenes Laertius, Life of Polemon, IV, xxvii.

23. In 1580.

24. Quintilian, VI, ii – the standard view eventually challenged by Diderot in his Paradoxe sur le comédien.

25. Montaigne is likening the ecstasy of battle to that of melancholy madness.

26. Plutarch (tr. Amyot), De l’amitié fraternelle, 88 E-F; De la superstition, 122 C-D; Ravisius Textor, Officina, Fratrum et Sororum interfectores.

27. Cf. Erasmus, Adages, II, III, XLVIII, Homo bulla.

28. Propertius, III, J, 7–10.